{"id":46,"date":"2022-10-03T04:22:00","date_gmt":"2022-10-03T04:22:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/milkyeggs.com\/?p=46"},"modified":"2023-10-30T22:54:15","modified_gmt":"2023-10-30T22:54:15","slug":"a-translation-of-hu-shihs-1926-essay-our-attitude-toward-modern-civilization","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/milkyeggs.com\/chinese\/a-translation-of-hu-shihs-1926-essay-our-attitude-toward-modern-civilization\/","title":{"rendered":"A translation of Hu Shih’s 1926 essay, “Our Attitude toward Modern Civilization”"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Hu Shih (\u80e1\u9069) was an influential Chinese essayist who was known for, among other achievements, his harsh criticisms of traditional Chinese culture and proposals to adopt valorous aspects of modern Western culture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Hu<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

He was a promoter of the use of the vernacular language an ardent critic of filial piety; all-in-all, he was a highly controversial but influential figure whose writings served as the basis of China\u2019s New Culture Movement (\u65b0\u6587\u5316\u904b\u52d5) in the 1920s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What follows below is a translation of Hu Shih\u2019s 1926 essay, Our Attitude toward Modern Western Civilization<\/em> (\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u65bc\u897f\u6d0b\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u7684\u614b\u5ea6), as it appears in The Hu Shi Reader<\/em> published by Yale University\u2019s Far Eastern Publications. This essay\u2019s foreign perspective on Western and American culture in the early 20th century, as well as its contrasting illumination of classical Chinese thought, should prove interesting to any person curious about the course of radical transformation that Chinese society underwent throughout the 1900s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Other translations exist,<\/a> and I make no guarantee of the correctness of the text below. The original text is available at WikiSource.<\/a> Note that I have only been studying Mandarin for about a year and a half.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Our Attitude toward Modern Western Civilization<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Today, the most groundless and harmful superstition is the ridicule of Western civilization as materialistic<\/em> while worshiping Eastern civilization as spiritual<\/em>. This is a very old idea, but in recent days has experienced a resurgence of interest. For a while, the people of the East have suffered under the oppression of the West, eventually coming to use this position as a way to divert scorn and criticism and engage in self-consolation. In the past several years especially, the effects of the Great War have even caused some Westerners to lament the development of a scientific civilization, and so we occasionally hear claims that the philosophy of Western scholars reveres the spiritual civilization of the East. These arguments are nothing more than a temporary affliction of the mind, which conveniently suits a type of Oriental megalomania, and from which adherents to classical Chinese philosophy have derived an arrogant and haughty demeanor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We should not countenance the simple, anachronistic attitudes of today\u2019s youth, and instead debate these viewpoints with thorough understanding and and precision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, people who talk about \u201cspiritual civilizations\u201d and \u201cmaterialistic civilizations\u201d often lack a common philosophical foundation; as a result, they can only argue about superficial or semantic differences, and cannot achieve fundamental understanding. I would like to propose several points to serve as the basis of our discussion:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Civilization<\/em> consists of the fruits of humanity\u2019s labors in adapting and responding to the natural environment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Culture<\/em> consists of the manner in which people of a specific civilization conduct their lives.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. When talking about the accomplishments of a civilization, we may divide them into two factors: first, the material,<\/em> encompassing those aspects derived from natural phenomena or resources, and second, the spiritual,<\/em> encompassing a people\u2019s intellect, emotions, and capacity for logical reasoning. All civilizations are produced from the use of human intellect to harness natural resources and sources of power; as such, there is no such thing as a civilization which is exclusively spiritual or materialistic.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    I will not discuss these three points in greater detail, as anyone who pursues this topic of discussion in depth should readily accept them. A clay pot or a large cast iron steam oven, a sampan boat and a large steamboat, a small, single-wheeled car and an electric streetcar; all of these are the products of humanity\u2019s intellect applied to the resources of the natural world, altogether constituting civilization. These creations have a material basis, but they are also the product of mankind\u2019s intelligence, and they differ only in their degree of refinement rather than in any fundamental characteristic. The cast iron steam oven does not laugh at the primitive nature of the clay pot; similarly, a man riding atop single-wheeled car cannot brag about the spiritual sophistication of his civilization or look down upon a man riding an electric streetcar as emblematic of a materialistic civilization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    As all civilizations have innumerable material manifestations, we ought not to use the term \u201cmaterial civilization\u201d as a pejorative. We may say that a motorcycle is an aspect of a materialistic civilization, but we cannot only note its physical form; indeed, a motorcycle is also representative of humanity\u2019s wisdom, and does not fall short of the wisdom embodied in, say, a poem. As such, we cannot compare a \u201cmaterial civilization\u201d to a \u201cspiritual civilization\u201d in a negative light; we need not discuss this topic further.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    What we must discuss now is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. What is a \u201cmaterialistic civilization?\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. Is the modern West a materialistic civilization?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      People who revere the so-called spiritual civilization of the East claim that the modern West overemphasizes the appreciation of the material and the carnal while ignoring man\u2019s spiritual needs, and hence name the West a materialistic civilization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      We ought to first note that this argument assumes that the flesh and the spirit stand in contention, which we believe to be mistaken. I deeply believe that a spiritual civilization must be built upon a material foundation. Improving mankind\u2019s material comforts, convenience, and safety allows those who would otherwise be unable to contemplate spiritual matters in their limited lifespan to have the capacity to satisfy the needs of their soul. Eastern philosophers have said:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n

      When people are fed and clothed, they can then know honor and shame; when the granaries are full, they can then know etiquette. (\u8863\u98df\u8db3\u800c\u5f8c\u77e5\u69ae\u8fb1\uff0c\u5009\u5ee9\u5be6\u800c\u5f8c\u77e5\u79ae\u7bc0)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

      This is not a foreign view on economic history but instead mere common sense. The world of man contains many tragic tales, in which countless people strive with unceasing fortitude and strength, and yet cannot achieve even the very lowest level of human happiness or avoid coldness and starvation. However, an even greater tragedy is that while there are people with great foresight, who know that people are dying of exposure or starvation, they have not been able to put in place measures to afford these sufferers even a modicum of happiness. Instead, they tell people to be content with their lot in life (\u6a02\u5929\uff0c\u5b89\u547d\uff0c\u77e5\u8db3\uff0c\u5b89\u8ca7), as though giving people hypnotics to delude and console themselves with.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      There is a classic Western proverb about a fox who wants to eat grapes: the grapes are too high up for the fox to reach, so he eventually says, \u201cI never liked sour grapes to begin with!\u201d The fox, who cannot reach the sweet grapes, eventually claims the grapes are sour; people who cannot enjoy the happiness of material comforts similarly claim that material comforts are not worth envying, and that destitution is a laudable quality. This sort of self-deluding, self-consoling thought eventually leads way to laziness, rather than being a particularly special or remarkable type of philosophy. These lunatics go even further than this; they mutilate their bodies, chop off their arms, refuse to eat, and immolate themselves, all in pursuit of this delusional concept of spiritual comfort. Their philosophy, which proceeds from self-delusion to self-harm, is not a philosophy of life but a philosophy of death, originates from following a path which disregards the basic needs of man. Following along this path fundamentally goes against human nature and eventually results in the creation of a slothful society, in which people refuse to work hard to satisfy their material needs while also refusing to engage in spiritual development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      The special quality of modern Western civilization is that it fully recognizes the importance of material comforts. In my own opinion, Western civilization is built upon these three precepts:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      1. The goal of human life is happiness.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      2. Therefore, poverty is a great evil.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      3. Therefore, sickness is a great evil.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        To use an ancient Chinese proverb, this is a civilization embodied by the idea of \u5229\u7528\u539a\u751f (lit: to enrich the lives of the people). Poverty is a great evil, so they develop natural resources, encourage manufacturing and production, improve the creations of their civilization, and expand the reach of their commerce. Sickness is a great evil, so they research new medicines, promote the hygeine of the people, pay close attention to physical fitness, stop the transmission of contagious diseases, and improve the hereditary lot of mankind. The goal of human life is happiness, so they maintain pleasant living conditions, improve transportation, keep their cities clean, promote the fine arts, create a safe society, and form a transparent and just political order. When we examine the totality of recent Western technological, scientific, and political development, it is true that many new methods of slaughter and aggression have been developed, but we cannot deny that this development has been undertaken with the core principle of improving the people\u2019s standard of living.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Can this civilization, which focuses on improving the lot of the common man, really be said to ignore humanity\u2019s spiritual needs? Is this an example of a \u201cmaterialistic civilization?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        We confidently assert the following: modern Western civilization absolutely does not ignore mankind\u2019s spiritual needs. We can even go further and say that the degree to which Western civilization manages to satisfy humanity\u2019s spiritual needs is so great that it would be unimaginable by our ancient ancestors in West and East alike. From this perspective, modern Western civilization is absolutely not materialistic. Instead, it is one which is both idealistic and spiritual.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Let us first discuss the aspect of rationality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        In terms of the spiritual side of modern Western civilization, its most unique and special characteristic is that of science. The fundamental spiritual nature of science lies in its search for the truth. Human life is subject to the forces of the natural world, controlled by tradition, and bound by the forces of superstition and prejudice. Only truth can give you freedom, strength, and wisdom; only truth can give you the power to break free of the restraints of your environment, pierce the heavens, conquer the world\u2019s lands, escape fear of the natural world, and become a valorous and dignified man.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Seeking out truth is mankind\u2019s greatest spiritual desire. The ancient civilizations of the East did not merely refuse to satisfy this desire, but often sought to restrain or prohibit it. The sages of the East advised people to \u201cknow nothing\u201d (\u7121\u77e5), \u201creject sage wisdom and discard knowledge\u201d (\u7d55\u8056\u68c4\u667a), and \u201cbe free of knowledge and intellect and obediently follow the heavenly laws\u201d (\u4e0d\u8b58\u4e0d\u77e5\uff0c\u9806\u5e1d\u4e4b\u5247). This is cowardice and laziness. In such a civilization, can people really boast that the spiritual needs of the people are fulfilled?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        The slothful sages of the East say, \u201clife is limited, while knowledge is boundless; pursuit of the infinite with the finite is futile\u201d (\u543e\u751f\u4e5f\u6709\u6daf\uff0c\u800c\u77e5\u4e5f\u7121\u6daf\uff0c\u4ee5\u6709\u6daf\u9010\u7121\u6daf). For this reason, they advise that people sit in meditation and clear their minds, without thought or contemplation, and merely respond to events as they occur. This is a form of megalomaniac lunacy which deludes both themselves and others. Truth resides deep within the natural world; if you do not assiduously seek it out, it will not reveal itself to you. A scientific civilization trains us to exercise our intellect and reasoning as we seek out the truth bit by bit, each time allowing less to fall from our grasp as we accumulate more knowledge. Nature is a cunning trickster, and only through force and coercion can we compel it to reveal its true nature. Slothful men and women who reject intellectual thought will eternally remain ignorant, never able to pass through the gates of truth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        The sloths of the East also say: \u201ctruth is boundless, so how can man\u2019s desires ever be fulfilled?\u201d (\u771f\u7406\u662f\u7121\u7aae\u7684\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u6c42\u77e5\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u6eff\u8db3\u5462\uff1f) Indeed, we will never fully uncover the totality of natural truth. However, scientists do not use this as a reason to shirk away. Scientists know that natural truth and wisdom are infinite in scope, but they nevertheless derive satisfaction: progressing forward one cun<\/em> (one tenth foot) yields one cun\u2019s<\/em> worth of happiness, and progressing one chi<\/em> (slightly longer than one foot) yields one chi\u2019s<\/em> worth of satisfaction. Over two thousand years ago, a Greek philosopher was grappling with a difficult problem, for which he could not produce a suitable theory; one day, as he entered the bath, he noticed the rising of the water level and suddenly came to a flash of understanding. With overwhelming joy, he ran out naked into the street and, causing a great commotion, exclaimed \u201cEureka! Eureka!\u201d This is the satisfaction of a scientist. Newton, Pasteur, and Edison all experienced similar flashes of exuberation. Even if only step by step, progress is made, and each step forward brings its own satisfaction. This sort of spiritual joy cannot be dreamed of by the lazy sages of the East.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        This is a fundamental difference between the civilizations of the East and the West. One side gives itself over to self-abandonment and the rejection of intellectual thought, while one side continues with its unceasing search for natural truth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        My friends, in the end, which culture satisfies your spiritual needs?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Next, we will consider the emotional and imaginative needs of mankind.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        With regard to literature and fine art, we need not discuss these, as the people of the East are generally able to open their eyes to the world and see that, at the very least, Westerners have never scorned the importance of these two aspects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Let us discuss morals and religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Modern civilization has, from a superficial standpoint, never cut ties with the religions of the past, and so modern culture has never clearly erected its own system of new religion or new morals. However, those of us who study history cannot help but point out that modern civilization does have its own novel religious and ethical beliefs. Scientific advancement has elevated humanity\u2019s knowledge, allowing people to seek out knowledge with greater precision, and our powers of discernment have grown stronger, causing the superstitions of old religions to gradually be washed away to the minimum level and introducing doubts into the most basic religious precepts\u2014the existence of the Supreme Deity (\u4e0a\u5e1d) and the immutability of the human soul. As such, the first notable characteristic of the modern world\u2019s new religion is the introduction of rational thought. Modern civilization has depended on the weapon of scientific thought to open up new worlds, discover innumerable new truths, conquer the innumerable forces of the natural world, call upon electricity to move vehicles, send messages through the luminiferous aether, and produce all types of heaven-shaking accomplishments. The development of humanity\u2019s capabilities has progressively increased man\u2019s faith in himself, transforming the religious beliefs of the past which advised contentment with one\u2019s lot into a belief in humanity\u2019s own ability. Consequently, the second notable characteristic of this new religion is its \u201chumanization\u201d or \u201csecularization.\u201d The progression of human wisdom has not only increased mankind\u2019s powers but has also broadened our vision, expanded our ambitions, increased our imaginative abilities, and deepened our empathy for others. At the same time, greater satisfaction of our material needs has also afforded us the spare capacity to ameliorate the basic desires and suffering of others. An expansion in humanity\u2019s empathy combined with an expansion in humanity\u2019s capabilities has brought forth an unprecedented \u201csocialization\u201d in our ethics. The third notable characteristic of this new religion is therefore the \u201csocialization\u201d of its ethical code.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        In the ancient past, humanity freely disregarded its intellectual needs in order to attain emotional solace, relying on faith and ignoring evidence, leading to belief in ghosts and demons, gods, the Supreme Deity, heaven, the Pure Land of Buddhism, and hell. Modern science cannot rely on faith in such a way. In fact, science does not denigrate man\u2019s need for emotional contentment; science only requires that all of our beliefs stand up to logical criticism and be completely supported by data. All of those faiths which lack a thorough base of evidence can only be doubted, and cannot become a part of our beliefs. Huxley said it best:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n

        If the condition of my success in unraveling some little difficulty of anatomy or physiology is that I shall rigorously refuse to put faith in that which does not rest on sufficient evidence, I cannot believe that the great mysteries of existence will be laid open to me on other terms. (Letter of reply to Charles Kingsley, 1860)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

        This is truly the complete fulfillment of humanity\u2019s spiritual needs. If we buy one plot of land and sell two cottages on it, we still need a deed; in regard to a basis for humanity\u2019s greatest hopes and desires, how can we recklessly hold beliefs that are unsupported by evidence?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        This attitude of \u201cshow me the evidence\u201d can be called the \u201crationalization\u201d aspect of the modern world\u2019s religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        In the past, humanity was subject to the natural world\u2019s domination, unable to discover the secrets of nature, and lacked the force to resist the cruelty of natural forces, resulting in the development of a perpetually fearful attitude toward nature; worship of objects and animals, fear of demons, reverence of gods, and admonitions to obey the natural order (\u5c0f\u5fc3\u7ffc\u7ffc\uff0c\u662d\u4e8b\u4e0a\u5e1d) are all due to humanity\u2019s inability to trust in its own capabilities and inability to refuse reliance on supernatural forces. People of the modern world are much different. Humanity\u2019s intellect has allowed us to conquer the infinite forces of the natural world: above us, flying freely in the air; below us, exploring the depths of the ocean; far away, gazing at the stars; close by, observing the microscopic. These two hands and one brain\u2014mankind\u2014have become lords of the natural world, which cannot help but respect itself. A young revolutionary poet once sang:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n

        I fight alone and, win or sink\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        I need no one to make me free\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        I want no Jesus Christ to think<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        That he could ever die for me.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        (The Thorough Bohemian<\/em> by James Murgeon Flagg)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

        This is the \u201chumanized\u201d religion of the modern age. Trust in the heavens is worse than trust in man, and reliance on the Supreme Deity is worse than reliance on oneself. We now do not hope to enter heaven or paradise, but instead build humanity\u2019s own paradise in this world. We now do not hope to become Daoist immortals, but instead seek to make mankind itself vigorous and healthy. We now do not hope to master the four meditation styles (\u56db\u79aa\u5b9a) or the six forms of higher knowledge (\u516d\u795e\u901a), but instead seek to improve humanity\u2019s knowledge so that mankind may pierce the heavens and rule the lands. We may perhaps even cease to casually believe in the omnipotence of the Supreme Deity, instead believing in the omnipotence of the methods of science and the infinite potential of mankind\u2019s future. We may perhaps even cease to believe in the immutability of the human soul, instead believing that mankind itself and human rights are sacred.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        This is the \u201chumanization\u201d aspect of the modern world\u2019s religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        However, the most important point is the \u201csocialization\u201d of modern religion\u2019s ethics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Ancient religions generally focused on the salvation of man; ancient ethics, similarly, generally focused on the cultivation of man. Although there were religions which considered themselves to be paths to universal salvation, and there were ethical systems which considered themselves to benefit all of creation, they were, in the bitter end, lacking in any ability to set hand to the problems at fore and powerless to implement any practical change, ultimately remaining as they were in the past and returning to the introspective notion of self-cultivation of body and mind. The more introspective self-cultivation you do, the more you are unable to perceive reality; the more you play tricks and games with the intangibility of the human mind, the more powerless you are to respond to the practical problems of the real world. For example, the Neo-Confucian school of thought in the 9th century remarkably failed to perceive the cruel immortality of binding the feet of two hundred million women! Sitting in meditation to clear one\u2019s mind and realize the Buddha-nature of all beings (\u660e\u5fc3\u898b\u6027), how helpful was that toward clarifying their ethical understanding of human suffering and poverty! Sitting in meditation and devout reverence only creates useless animals that don\u2019t move their limbs and can\u2019t distinguish between the five grains (\u56db\u9ad4\u4e0d\u52e4\uff0c\u4e94\u7a40\u4e0d\u5206, lacking in practical knowledge)!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Modern civilization did not begin with religion, yet ended up creating a new religion; it did not begin with a code of ethics, yet ended up creating a new ethical system. The European countries of the 15th and 16th centuries were little more than bands of naval bandits, such as Columbus, Magellan, and Drake, all of whom were more pirates than explorers. Their goal was simply to search for gold, silver, spices, ivory, and African slaves. Even so, this group of bandits and the merchants they brought along opened up innumerable new lands, expanded the breadth of mankind\u2019s vision, and elevated the power of human imagination, all while increasing Europe\u2019s wealth. The Industrial Revolution soon followed, methods of manufacturing were fundamentally altered, and the power of industrial production continually improved. Within those two or three hundred years, humanity\u2019s material wealth continually increased, and with it so did the scope of human empathy. This expansion of human empathy was the foundation of a new religion. The quest for individual freedom began to incorporate considerations for other people\u2019s freedoms, not only becoming limited by the scope of others\u2019 freedoms but also transforming into a quest for the freedom of most of humanity itself. The pursuit of one\u2019s own happiness while being considerate of the happiness of others resulted in the development of the \u201cutilitarian\u201d philosophical principle, \u201cthe greatest amount of the greatest happiness\u201d as a standard to serve as the goal of human society. This is the trend of \u201csocialization.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        The creeds of the new religion of the 18th century were \u201clibert\u00e9, \u00e9galit\u00e9, fraternit\u00e9.\u201d The new religion of the mid-19th century and after is \u201csocialism.\u201d This is the spiritual civilization of the modern West, a civilization that the people of the East have never experienced before.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        It is true that in the East, we have had religions that promoted universal brotherhood, as well as the notion of equal division of land and property. However, these never went past the level of written essays, never truly changed the important aspects of daily life in society, never altered the scope of human life, and never greatly affected the culture of the East, much unlike in the West. \u201cLibert\u00e9, \u00e9galit\u00e9, fraternit\u00e9\u201d became the slogan of the revolutions of the 18th century. The American Revolution, the French Revolution, the revolutions across all of Europe in 1848, and the American Civil War of 1862 were all conducted under the banner of these three great principles. The constitution of America, the constitution of France, and even the constitutions of the nations of South America were greatly influenced by these three great principles. The dismantling of old social class structures, the overthrow of autocratic rule, the universal application of the principle that every man is equal under the rule of law, real protection of the freedoms of religion, thought, speech, and publishing, the implementation of mass education, the liberation of women, the fight for women\u2019s rights, the participation of women in the political sphere\u2026 All of these are the real manifestations of this new religion and new ethical code. These are not merely empty words written by three or five philosophers in their tracts; these are important elements of the political systems of the modern West, which have become great forces that delineate the scope of human life and have practical, day-to-day effects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        After the 19th century, the world gradually became more conscious of the harmful qualities of individualism, and the suffering that people endured under capitalism gradually became clearer. People who were wise and farsighted knew that a system of free economic competition could not accomplish the goals of \u201clibert\u00e9, \u00e9galit\u00e9, fraternit\u00e9.\u201d Requesting fair treatment from capitalists was like \u201casking a tiger for its own pelt\u201d (\u8207\u864e\u8b00\u76ae, asking an evil person to go against their own interests). There were only two courses of relief: first, for a country to use its legal powers to limit capitalists and protect the oppressed classes; second, for the oppressed classes to band together and directly resist the subjugation and abuse of the capitalist class. As a result, various theories of socialism and revolution continuously arose. Modern Western civilization was built upon a foundation of individual pursuit of happiness, so up to that point property rights were considered to be the foremost and greatest of the sacred rights of man. However, after the mid-19th century, this view was fundamentally shaken, with some people saying remarkable things like \u201cproperty is theft\u201d or \u201cproperty is robbery.\u201d At present, a system of individual property ownership continues to exist, but countries can impose heavy income or inheritance taxes, so wholly private ownership has not been allowed for a long time. Until now, laborers have been looked down upon; however, capitalist systems made it possible for large numbers of laborers to band together, while the spread of socialist thought and class consciousness made laborers aware of the necessity of solidarity, such that in the span of several decades, the organization of the proletarian class made the most powerful force in society. Ten years later, the leaders of the workers\u2019 parties are able to demand recognition and rights from the world\u2019s strongest countries, general labor strikes can overcome the most powerful governments, and in Russia, the peasant class formed a dictatorship that rules their entire country. This is an era in which socialist revolutions are still being carried out. However, their accomplishments have already been very impressive. In various countries, we have seen the development of social legislation (\u793e\u6703\u7acb\u6cd5), establishment of factory inspections, improvement in workers\u2019 hygienic conditions, relief for female and child workers, implementation of profit-sharing systems, reduction of working hours, creation of workers\u2019 insurance, development of workers\u2019 cooperatives, movements to establish a minimum wage (\u6700\u4f4e\u5de5\u8cc7), assistance to the unemployed, implementation of a progressive (\u7d1a\u9032\u5236\u7684) system of income and inheritance tax\u2026 All of these are successes that the great revolutions have already attained. These are not mere sentences on paper, but rather important elements of modern civilization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        This is the new religion and new ethics of the \u201csocialization\u201d aspect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        The old schools of thought of the East might say: \u201cthis is merely a rabid struggle for power and wealth (\u722d\u6b0a\u596a\u5229), rather than religion or ethics.\u201d This, here, is a true difference between the cultures of East and West. One side preaches contentment with one\u2019s lot and graceful acceptance of suffering; the other, a refusal to be satisfied with the world as it is and continually struggling with great effort to improve one\u2019s circumstances. When people of the East see a rich man, they say that he cultivated his soul well in his past life; when they see a poor man, they say that he neglected spiritual cultivation in his past life or that \u201cthis is just how life is\u201d (\u547d\u8a72\u5982\u6b64). People of the West are different; they say, \u201cinequality between the rich and the poor and differences in how much people suffer are all results of a flawed system, and the system itself can be reformed.\u201d They are not scrambling to seize power and wealth, but instead fighting for freedom, equality, and fairness; the fruits of their struggle are not merely trivial benefits to the individual, but instead the prosperity of the better part of mankind. The greatest amount of prosperity for the greatest number of people is not something that can be accomplished by sitting in meditation and chanting the name of the Buddha, but instead requires great struggle and effort.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Friends, in the end, which culture is capable of satisfying your soul\u2019s spiritual needs?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        We may now make a complete appraisal of modern Western civilization. It is a civilization built upon the foundational principle of \u201cthe pursuit of human happiness,\u201d which has increased the material comforts of mankind; even so, it has also managed to fulfill humanity\u2019s spiritual needs. In the field of rational inquiry, it has used precise methods to continually seek out truth and explore the infinite mysteries of the natural world. In the field of ethics, superstitious creeds have been dispelled and a rational system of beliefs has been established; the divine right of kings has been abolished, and a new, \u201chumanized\u201d religion has been created; irrational concepts like heaven or the Pure Land of Buddhism have been abandoned, instead preferring to work hard to build an \u201cearthly paradise;\u201d the so-called transcendence of the human soul has been discarded, and instead no efforts are spared in the usage of mankind\u2019s new imaginative abilities and freshly won knowledge to bring about a fully \u201csocialized\u201d religion and set of ethics as well as to bring the greatest amount of happiness possible to the greatest number of people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        The most special characteristic of the Eastern civilization is an attitude of contentment. Modern Western civilization\u2019s most special characteristic is an attitude of discontent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        The people of the East are content with a primitive lifestyle, so they elevate the importance of not desiring material comfort; they are content with ignorance and the religious principle of \u201cbeing free of knowledge and intellect\u201d (\u4e0d\u8b58\u4e0d\u77e5), which results in neglect of the discovery of natural truth and the invention of new creations; they are content with the current state of the world and the natural trajectories of their lives, so they do not think to conquer nature, only seeking acceptance of their present situations (\u6a02\u5929\u5b89\u547d, \u5b89\u5206\u5b88\u5df1) and acting as obedient citizens rather than considering systemic reform or revolution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        This sort of acceptance of their material environment\u2019s restrictions and oppression, an acceptance which cannot be escaped, which cannot awaken the hearts or intellect of man to change their environment or improve the current state of civilization, is the civilization of a people who are lazy and ineffectual, a truly \u201cmaterialistic\u201d civilization. Such a civilization can only suppress and never satisfy mankind\u2019s spiritual needs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        The people of the West are largely different, and say that \u201cdissatisfaction is sacred\u201d (Maxwell\u2019s divine discontent<\/em>). Upon the foundation of material dissatisfaction was built the world of steel and iron, steam, and electricity of the modern day. Upon the foundation of intellectual discontent was built the modern scientific world. Upon the foundation of social and political discontent was built today\u2019s world of human rights, liberal government, equality between man and woman, the sacred cry of labor, and socialist revolution. \u201cDivine discontent\u201d is a completely revolutionary and progressive force.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        This sort of complete utilization of the intelligence of man to seek out natural truth and liberate humanity\u2019s spirit, to subjugate the workings of the heavens for the benefit of man, to change and reform the material world, to revolutionize the social and political order, to seek out the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people\u2014this kind of civilization should be able to satisfy mankind\u2019s spiritual needs; this kind of civilization is a spiritual civilization, is surely an idealistic (\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u7fa9) civilization, and is absolutely not a materialistic civilization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Certainly, truth is without bound, material pleasures are infinite, the invention of new machines has no end, and the improvement of the social order is an unceasing task. However, each new material possession brings with it its own pleasure, each new innovation brings with it its own satisfaction, and each stage of systemic reform brings with it its own sense of fulfillment. If we cannot succeed today, we can succeed next month or next year; if those before us failed, those after us can carry on their work. Every small expenditure of effort brings with it its own satisfaction; every step in this infinite progression grants fulfilling happiness to those who labor. As such, the great poet Tennyson borrowed the voice of the ancient hero Ulysses to sing:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n

        Yet all experience is an arch wherethro\u2019
        Gleams that untravell\u2019d world whose margin fades
        For ever and forever when I move.
        How dull it is to pause, to make an end,
        To rust unburnish\u2019d, not to shine in use!
        As tho\u2019 to breathe were life!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Come, my friends,
        \u2018T is not too late to seek a newer world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Tho\u2019 much is taken, much abides; and tho\u2019
        We are not now that strength which in old days
        Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are;
        One equal temper of heroic hearts,
        Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will
        To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

        1926, 6, 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        (Originally published in Xiandai Pinglun [Modern Review], Vol. 4, No. 83, July 10, 1926; also in Shenghuo Zhoukan [Life Weekly], Nos. 4-6, November 27, December 4 and December 11, 1927)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n\n\n\n

        For completeness of reference, the original text is reproduced below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u65bc\u897f\u6d0b\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u7684\u614b\u5ea6<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u4eca\u65e5\u6700\u6c92\u6709\u6839\u64da\u800c\u53c8\u6700\u6709\u6bd2\u5bb3\u7684\u5996\u8a00\u662f\u8b4f\u8cb6\u897f\u6d0b\u6587\u660e\u70ba\u552f\u7269\u7684\uff08Materialistic\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u5c0a\u5d07\u6771\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u70ba\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\uff08Spiritual\uff09\u3002\u9019\u672c\u662f\u5f88\u8001\u7684\u898b\u89e3\uff0c\u5728\u4eca\u65e5\u537b\u6709\u65b0\u8208\u7684\u6c23\u8c61\u3002\u5f9e\u524d\u6771\u65b9\u6c11\u65cf\u53d7\u4e86\u897f\u6d0b\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u7528\u9019\u7a2e\u898b\u89e3\u4f86\u89e3\u5632\uff0c\u4f86\u5b89\u6170\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u8fd1\u5e7e\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u6b50\u6d32\u5927\u6230\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u4f7f\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u897f\u6d0b\u4eba\u5c0d\u65bc\u8fd1\u4e16\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u6587\u5316\u8d77\u4e00\u7a2e\u53ad\u5026\u7684\u53cd\u611f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u5011\u6642\u6642\u807d\u898b\u897f\u6d0b\u5b78\u8005\u6709\u5d07\u62dc\u6771\u65b9\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u6587\u660e\u7684\u8b70\u8ad6\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u8b70\u8ad6\uff0c\u672c\u4f86\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u75c5\u614b\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\uff0c\u537b\u6b63\u6295\u5408\u6771\u65b9\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u8a87\u5927\u72c2\uff1b\u6771\u65b9\u7684\u820a\u52e2\u529b\u5c31\u56e0\u6b64\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c11\u7684\u6c23\u7130\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u9858\u201c\u958b\u5012\u8eca\u201d\u7684\u5c11\u5e74\u4eba\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u898b\u89e3\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u9bae\u660e\u7684\u8868\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u73fe\u5728\u9ad8\u8ac7\u201c\u7cbe\u795e\u6587\u660e\u201d\u3001\u201c\u7269\u8cea\u6587\u660e\u201d\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u6c92\u6709\u5171\u540c\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u505a\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u6545\u53ea\u80fd\u4f5c\u6587\u5b57\u4e0a\u6216\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u722d\u8ad6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6709\u6839\u672c\u7684\u77ad\u89e3\u3002\u6211\u60f3\u63d0\u51fa\u5e7e\u500b\u57fa\u672c\u89c0\u5ff5\u4f86\u505a\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u6587\u660e\uff08Civilization\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6c11\u65cf\u61c9\u4ed8\u4ed6\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u7e3d\u6210\u7e3e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u6587\u5316\uff08Culture\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6587\u660e\u6240\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u51e1\u4e00\u7a2e\u6587\u660e\u7684\u9020\u6210\uff0c\u5fc5\u6709\u5169\u500b\u56e0\u6578\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u7269\u8cea\u7684\uff08Material\uff09\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7a2e\u7a2e\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u7684\u52e2\u529b\u8207\u8cea\u6599\uff1b\u4e00\u662f\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\uff08Spiritual\uff09\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u500b\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u8070\u660e\u624d\u667a\u3001\u611f\u60c5\u548c\u7406\u60f3\u3002\u51e1\u6587\u660e\u90fd\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u601d\u667a\u529b\u904b\u7528\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u7684\u8cea\u8207\u529b\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff1b\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u6587\u660e\u662f\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u6587\u660e\u55ae\u662f\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u6211\u60f3\u9019\u4e09\u500b\u89c0\u5ff5\u662f\u4e0d\u9808\u8a73\u7d30\u8aaa\u660e\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u627f\u8a8d\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u96bb\u74e6\u76c6\u548c\u4e00\u96bb\u9435\u9444\u7684\u5927\u84b8\u6c7d\u7210\uff0c\u4e00\u96bb\u8222\u677f\u8239\u548c\u4e00\u96bb\u5927\u6c7d\u8239\uff0c\u4e00\u90e8\u55ae\u8f2a\u5c0f\u8eca\u548c\u4e00\u8f1b\u96fb\u529b\u8857\u8eca\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u667a\u6167\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u7684\u8cea\u529b\u88fd\u9020\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u540c\u6709\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u540c\u6709\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u5fc3\u601d\u624d\u667a\u3002\u9019\u88e1\u9762\u53ea\u6709\u500b\u7cbe\u7c97\u5de7\u62d9\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u537b\u6c92\u6709\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u84b8\u6c7d\u9435\u7210\u56fa\u7136\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7b11\u74e6\u76c6\u7684\u5e7c\u7a1a\uff0c\u55ae\u8f2a\u5c0f\u8eca\u4e0a\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u66f4\u4e0d\u914d\u81ea\u8a87\u4ed6\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u800c\u8f15\u8996\u96fb\u8eca\u4e0a\u4eba\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u6587\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u56e0\u70ba\u4e00\u5207\u6587\u660e\u90fd\u5c11\u4e0d\u4e86\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u8868\u73fe\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u201c\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u6587\u660e\u201d\uff08Material Civilization\uff09\u4e00\u500b\u540d\u8a5e\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u8b4f\u8cb6\u7684\u6db5\u7fa9\u3002\u6211\u5011\u8aaa\u4e00\u90e8\u6469\u6258\u8eca\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u55ae\u6307\u4ed6\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u5f62\u9ad4\uff1b\u5176\u5be6\u4e00\u90e8\u6469\u6258\u8eca\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u5fc3\u601d\u667a\u6167\u6c7a\u4e0d\u4e9e\u65bc\u4e00\u9996\u8a69\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u5fc3\u601d\u667a\u6167\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u201c\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u6587\u660e\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u548c\u201c\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u6587\u660e\u201d\u53cd\u5c0d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u8cb6\u8a5e\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u5728\u8981\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u662f\uff081\uff09\u4ec0\u9ebc\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u552f\u7269\u7684\u6587\u660e\u201d\uff08Materialistic Civilization\uff09\uff0c\uff082\uff09\u897f\u6d0b\u73fe\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u552f\u7269\u7684\u6587\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u5d07\u62dc\u6240\u8b02\u6771\u65b9\u7cbe\u795e\u6587\u660e\u7684\u4eba\u8aaa\uff0c\u897f\u6d0b\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u504f\u91cd\u7269\u8cea\u4e0a\u548c\u8089\u9ad4\u4e0a\u7684\u4eab\u53d7\uff0c\u800c\u7565\u8996\u5fc3\u9748\u4e0a\u8207\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u662f\u552f\u7269\u7684\u6587\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u6211\u5011\u5148\u8981\u6307\u51fa\u9019\u7a2e\u8b70\u8ad6\u542b\u6709\u9748\u8089\u885d\u7a81\u7684\u6210\u898b\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u6210\u898b\u3002\u6211\u5011\u6df1\u4fe1\uff0c\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u6587\u660e\u5fc5\u9808\u5efa\u7bc9\u5728\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u63d0\u9ad8\u4eba\u985e\u7269\u8cea\u4e0a\u7684\u4eab\u53d7\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u4eba\u985e\u7269\u8cea\u4e0a\u7684\u4fbf\u5229\u8207\u5b89\u9038\uff0c\u9019\u90fd\u662f\u671d\u8457\u89e3\u653e\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u8d70\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u5011\u4e0d\u81f3\u65bc\u628a\u7cbe\u529b\u5fc3\u601d\u5168\u62cb\u5728\u50c5\u50c5\u751f\u5b58\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u9918\u529b\u53bb\u6eff\u8db3\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u6771\u65b9\u7684\u54f2\u4eba\u66fe\u8aaa\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u8863\u98df\u8db3\u800c\u5f8c\u77e5\u69ae\u8fb1\uff0c\u5009\u5ee9\u5be6\u800c\u5f8c\u77e5\u79ae\u7bc0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u9019\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u8236\u4f86\u7684\u201c\u7d93\u6fdf\u53f2\u89c0\u201d\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u5e73\u6055\u7684\u5e38\u8b58\u3002\u4eba\u4e16\u7684\u5927\u60b2\u5287\u662f\u7121\u6578\u7684\u4eba\u5011\u7d42\u8eab\u505a\u8840\u6c57\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f97\u8457\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u5e78\u798f\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u907f\u514d\u51cd\u8207\u9913\u3002\u4eba\u4e16\u7684\u66f4\u5927\u60b2\u5287\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u5148\u77e5\u5148\u89ba\u8005\u773c\u770b\u7121\u6578\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u51cd\u9913\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8a2d\u6cd5\u589e\u9032\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5e78\u798f\uff0c\u537b\u628a\u201c\u6a02\u5929\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5b89\u547d\u201d\u3001\u201c\u77e5\u8db3\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5b89\u8ca7\u201d\u7a2e\u7a2e\u50ac\u7720\u85e5\u7d66\u4ed6\u5011\u5403\uff0c\u53eb\u4ed6\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u6b3a\u9a19\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u5b89\u6170\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u53e4\u4ee3\u6709\u4e00\u5247\u5bd3\u8a00\u8aaa\uff0c\u72d0\u72f8\u60f3\u5403\u8461\u8404\uff0c\u8461\u8404\u592a\u9ad8\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u5403\u4e0d\u8457\uff0c\u53ea\u597d\u8aaa\u201c\u6211\u672c\u4e0d\u611b\u5403\u9019\u9178\u8461\u8404\uff01\u201d\u72d0\u72f8\u5403\u4e0d\u8457\u751c\u8461\u8404\uff0c\u53ea\u597d\u8aaa\u8461\u8404\u662f\u9178\u7684\uff1b\u4eba\u5011\u4eab\u4e0d\u8457\u7269\u8cea\u4e0a\u7684\u5feb\u6a02\uff0c\u53ea\u597d\u8aaa\u7269\u8cea\u4e0a\u7684\u4eab\u53d7\u662f\u4e0d\u8db3\u7fa1\u6155\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u8ca7\u8ce4\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9a55\u4eba\u7684\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u81ea\u6b3a\u81ea\u6170\u6210\u4e86\u61f6\u60f0\u7684\u98a8\u6c23\uff0c\u53c8\u4e0d\u8db3\u70ba\u5947\u4e86\u3002\u65bc\u662f\u6709\u72c2\u75c5\u7684\u4eba\u53c8\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u7d22\u6027\u56de\u904e\u982d\u53bb\uff0c\u6215\u8cca\u8eab\u9ad4\uff0c\u65b7\u81c2\uff0c\u7d55\u98df\uff0c\u711a\u8eab\uff0c\u4ee5\u6c42\u90a3\u5e7b\u60f3\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u5b89\u6170\u3002\u5f9e\u81ea\u6b3a\u81ea\u6170\u4ee5\u81f3\u65bc\u81ea\u6b98\u81ea\u6bba\uff0c\u4eba\u751f\u89c0\u8b8a\u6210\u4e86\u4eba\u6b7b\u89c0\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5f9e\u4e00\u689d\u8def\u4e0a\u4f86\u7684\uff1a\u9019\u689d\u8def\u5c31\u662f\u8f15\u8511\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u3002\u671d\u9019\u689d\u8def\u4e0a\u8d70\uff0c\u9006\u5929\u800c\u62c2\u6027\uff0c\u5fc5\u81f3\u65bc\u990a\u6210\u61f6\u60f0\u7684\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u4e0d\u80af\u52aa\u529b\u4ee5\u6c42\u4eba\u751f\u57fa\u672c\u6b32\u671b\u7684\u6eff\u8db3\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e0d\u80af\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u4ee5\u6c42\u5fc3\u9748\u4e0a\u8207\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u897f\u6d0b\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u7684\u7279\u8272\u4fbf\u662f\u5145\u5206\u627f\u8a8d\u9019\u500b\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u4eab\u53d7\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u897f\u6d0b\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u4f9d\u6211\u7684\u9119\u898b\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u662f\u5efa\u7bc9\u5728\u4e09\u500b\u57fa\u672c\u89c0\u5ff5\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u4eba\u751f\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u6c42\u5e78\u798f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8ca7\u7aae\u662f\u4e00\u6a01\u7f6a\u60e1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8870\u75c5\u662f\u4e00\u6a01\u7f6a\u60e1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u501f\u7528\u4e00\u53e5\u6771\u65b9\u53e4\u8a71\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u201c\u5229\u7528\u539a\u751f\u201d\u7684\u6587\u660e\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u8ca7\u7aae\u662f\u4e00\u6a01\u7f6a\u60e1\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u958b\u767c\u5bcc\u6e90\uff0c\u734e\u52f5\u751f\u7522\uff0c\u6539\u826f\u88fd\u9020\uff0c\u64f4\u5f35\u5546\u696d\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u8870\u75c5\u662f\u4e00\u6a01\u7f6a\u60e1\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u91ab\u85e5\uff0c\u63d0\u5021\u885b\u751f\uff0c\u8b1b\u6c42\u9ad4\u80b2\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u50b3\u67d3\u7684\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u6539\u5584\u4eba\u7a2e\u7684\u907a\u50b3\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u4eba\u751f\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u6c42\u5e78\u798f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u7d93\u71df\u5b89\u9069\u7684\u8d77\u5c45\uff0c\u4fbf\u5229\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\uff0c\u6f54\u6de8\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u512a\u7f8e\u7684\u85dd\u8853\uff0c\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u6e05\u660e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u7e31\u89c0\u897f\u6d0b\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u5de5\u85dd\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\uff0c\u6cd5\u5236\uff0c\u56fa\u7136\u5176\u4e2d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5c11\u6bba\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u5668\u8207\u4fb5\u7565\u63a0\u596a\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7d42\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u627f\u8a8d\u90a3\u5229\u7528\u539a\u751f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7cbe\u795e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u9019\u500b\u5229\u7528\u539a\u751f\u7684\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u7576\u771f\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u4eba\u985e\u5fc3\u9748\u4e0a\u8207\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u55ce\uff1f\u7576\u771f\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u552f\u7269\u7684\u6587\u660e\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5927\u81bd\u5730\u5ba3\u8a00\uff1a\u897f\u6d0b\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u7d55\u4e0d\u8f15\u8996\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u6211\u5011\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u5927\u81bd\u5730\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u8aaa\uff1a\u897f\u6d0b\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u80fd\u5920\u6eff\u8db3\u4eba\u985e\u5fc3\u9748\u4e0a\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u9060\u975e\u6771\u6d0b\u820a\u6587\u660e\u6240\u80fd\u5922\u898b\u3002\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u897f\u6d0b\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u7d55\u975e\u552f\u7269\u7684\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\uff08Idealistic\uff09\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\uff08Spiritual\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u6211\u5011\u5148\u5f9e\u7406\u667a\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u8aaa\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u897f\u6d0b\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7279\u8272\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u6839\u672c\u7cbe\u795e\u5728\u65bc\u6c42\u771f\u7406\u3002\u4eba\u751f\u4e16\u9593\uff0c\u53d7\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u903c\u8feb\uff0c\u53d7\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u652f\u914d\uff0c\u53d7\u8ff7\u4fe1\u8207\u6210\u898b\u7684\u62d8\u675f\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u771f\u7406\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u4f60\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4f7f\u4f60\u5f37\u6709\u529b\uff0c\u4f7f\u4f60\u8070\u660e\u8056\u667a\uff1b\u53ea\u6709\u771f\u7406\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u4f60\u6253\u7834\u4f60\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u88e1\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u675f\u7e1b\uff0c\u4f7f\u4f60\u6221\u5929\uff0c\u4f7f\u4f60\u7e2e\u5730\uff0c\u4f7f\u4f60\u5929\u4e0d\u6015\uff0c\u5730\u4e0d\u6015\uff0c\u5802\u5802\u5730\u505a\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u6c42\u77e5\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u5929\u751f\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7684\u6700\u5927\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u6771\u65b9\u7684\u820a\u6587\u660e\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u4e0d\u60f3\u6eff\u8db3\u4ed6\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5e38\u60f3\u88c1\u5236\u4ed6\uff0c\u65b7\u7d55\u4ed6\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6771\u65b9\u53e4\u8056\u4eba\u52f8\u4eba\u8981\u201c\u7121\u77e5\u201d\uff0c\u8981\u201c\u7d55\u8056\u68c4\u667a\u201d\uff0c\u8981\u201c\u65b7\u601d\u60df\u201d\uff0c\u8981\u201c\u4e0d\u8b58\u4e0d\u77e5\uff0c\u9806\u5e1d\u4e4b\u5247\u201d\u3002\u9019\u662f\u754f\u96e3\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u61f6\u60f0\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u9084\u80fd\u81ea\u8a87\u53ef\u4ee5\u6eff\u8db3\u5fc3\u9748\u4e0a\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u6771\u65b9\u7684\u61f6\u60f0\u8056\u4eba\u8aaa\uff0c\u201c\u543e\u751f\u4e5f\u6709\u6daf\uff0c\u800c\u77e5\u4e5f\u7121\u6daf\uff0c\u4ee5\u6709\u6daf\u9010\u7121\u6daf\uff0c\u6b86\u5df2\u201d\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u5011\u8981\u4eba\u975c\u5750\u6f84\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e0d\u601d\u4e0d\u616e\uff0c\u800c\u7269\u4f86\u9806\u61c9\u3002\u9019\u662f\u81ea\u6b3a\u6b3a\u4eba\u7684\u8a91\u8a9e\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u8a87\u5927\u72c2\u3002\u771f\u7406\u662f\u6df1\u85cf\u5728\u4e8b\u7269\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7684\uff1b\u4f60\u4e0d\u53bb\u5c0b\u6c42\u63a2\u8a0e\uff0c\u4ed6\u6c7a\u4e0d\u6703\u9732\u9762\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u6587\u660e\u6559\u4eba\u8a13\u7df4\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5b98\u80fd\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u4e00\u9ede\u4e00\u6ef4\u5730\u53bb\u5c0b\u6c42\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u4e00\u7d72\u4e00\u6beb\u4e0d\u653e\u904e\uff0c\u4e00\u9296\u4e00\u5169\u5730\u7a4d\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u9019\u662f\u6c42\u771f\u7406\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6cd5\u9580\u3002\u81ea\u7136\uff08Nature\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6700\u72e1\u6ed1\u7684\u5996\u9b54\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u6572\u6253\u903c\u62f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u903c\u5979\u5410\u9732\u771f\u60c5\u3002\u4e0d\u601d\u4e0d\u616e\u7684\u61f6\u4eba\u53ea\u597d\u6c38\u6c38\u4f5c\u611a\u6627\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6c38\u6c38\u8d70\u4e0d\u9032\u771f\u7406\u4e4b\u9580\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u6771\u65b9\u7684\u61f6\u4eba\u53c8\u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u771f\u7406\u662f\u7121\u7aae\u76e1\u7684\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u6c42\u77e5\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u6eff\u8db3\u5462\uff1f\u201d\u8aa0\u7136\uff0c\u771f\u7406\u662f\u767c\u73fe\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u79d1\u5b78\u6c7a\u4e0d\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u9000\u7e2e\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u660e\u77e5\u771f\u7406\u7121\u7aae\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u7121\u7aae\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u6eff\u8db3\uff1a\u9032\u4e00\u5bf8\u6709\u4e00\u5bf8\u7684\u6109\u5feb\uff0c\u9032\u4e00\u5c3a\u6709\u4e00\u5c3a\u7684\u6eff\u8db3\u3002\u4e09\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u5e0c\u81d8\u54f2\u4eba\u601d\u7d22\u4e00\u500b\u96e3\u984c\uff0c\u60f3\u4e0d\u51fa\u9053\u7406\u4f86\uff1b\u6709\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u4ed6\u8df3\u9032\u6d74\u76c6\u53bb\u6d17\u566a\uff0c\u6c34\u6f32\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u4ed6\u5ffd\u7136\u660e\u767d\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u9ad8\u8208\u6975\u4e86\uff0c\u8d64\u88f8\u88f8\u5730\u8dd1\u51fa\u9580\u53bb\uff0c\u5728\u8857\u4e0a\u4e82\u56b7\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u5c0b\u8457\u4e86\uff01\u6211\u5c0b\u8457\u4e86\uff01\u201d\uff08Eureka\uff01Eureka\uff01\uff09\u9019\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u6eff\u8db3\u3002Newton\uff0cPasteur\u4ee5\u81f3\u65bcEdison\u6642\u6642\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6109\u5feb\u3002\u4e00\u9ede\u4e00\u6ef4\u90fd\u662f\u9032\u6b65\uff0c\u4e00\u6b65\u4e00\u6b65\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8e8a\u8e87\u6eff\u5fd7\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u5fc3\u9748\u4e0a\u7684\u5feb\u6a02\u662f\u6771\u65b9\u7684\u61f6\u8056\u4eba\u6240\u5922\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u9019\u88e1\u6b63\u662f\u6771\u897f\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u9ede\u3002\u4e00\u908a\u662f\u81ea\u66b4\u81ea\u68c4\u7684\u4e0d\u601d\u4e0d\u616e\uff0c\u4e00\u908a\u662f\u7e7c\u7e8c\u4e0d\u65b7\u7684\u5c0b\u6c42\u771f\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u670b\u53cb\u5011\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u90a3\u4e00\u7a2e\u6587\u5316\u80fd\u6eff\u8db3\u4f60\u5011\u7684\u5fc3\u9748\u4e0a\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e14\u770b\u770b\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u8207\u60f3\u50cf\u529b\u4e0a\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u6587\u85dd\uff0c\u7f8e\u8853\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u8ac7\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6771\u65b9\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u51e1\u662f\u80fd\u775c\u958b\u773c\u775b\u770b\u4e16\u754c\u7684\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u9084\u90fd\u80fd\u627f\u8a8d\u897f\u6d0b\u4eba\u4e26\u4e0d\u66fe\u8f15\u8511\u4e86\u9019\u5169\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u6211\u5011\u4f86\u8ac7\u8ac7\u9053\u5fb7\u8207\u5b97\u6559\u7f77\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u8fd1\u4e16\u6587\u660e\u5728\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u9084\u4e0d\u66fe\u548c\u820a\u5b97\u6559\u812b\u96e2\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd1\u4e16\u6587\u5316\u9084\u4e0d\u66fe\u660e\u767d\u5efa\u7acb\u4ed6\u7684\u65b0\u5b97\u6559\u65b0\u9053\u5fb7\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u7814\u7a76\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u6307\u51fa\u8fd1\u4e16\u6587\u660e\u81ea\u6709\u4ed6\u7684\u65b0\u5b97\u6559\u8207\u65b0\u9053\u5fb7\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u767c\u9054\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u5011\u6c42\u77e5\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u66f4\u7cbe\u5bc6\u4e86\uff0c\u8a55\u5224\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4e5f\u66f4\u9032\u6b65\u4e86\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u820a\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u8ff7\u4fe1\u90e8\u5206\u6f38\u6f38\u88ab\u6dd8\u6c70\u5230\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\uff0c\u6f38\u6f38\u5730\u9023\u90a3\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u2014\u2014\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8207\u9748\u9b42\u7684\u4e0d\u6ec5\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u767c\u751f\u7591\u554f\u4e86\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u9019\u500b\u65b0\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7279\u8272\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u667a\u5316\u3002\u8fd1\u4e16\u6587\u660e\u4ed7\u8457\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u6b66\u5668\uff0c\u958b\u95e2\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u767c\u73fe\u4e86\u7121\u6578\u65b0\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u5f81\u670d\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u7684\u7121\u6578\u52e2\u529b\uff0c\u53eb\u96fb\u6c23\u8d95\u8eca\uff0c\u53eb\u201c\u4e59\u592a\u201d\u9001\u4fe1\uff0c\u771f\u500b\u4f5c\u51fa\u7a2e\u7a2e\u52d5\u5730\u6380\u5929\u7684\u5927\u4e8b\u696d\u4f86\u3002\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u4f7f\u4ed6\u6f38\u6f38\u589e\u52a0\u5c0d\u65bc\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5fc3\uff0c\u6f38\u6f38\u628a\u5411\u4f86\u4fe1\u5929\u5b89\u547d\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u8b8a\u6210\u4fe1\u4efb\u4eba\u985e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u9019\u500b\u65b0\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7279\u8272\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u4eba\u5316\u3002\u667a\u8b58\u7684\u767c\u9054\u4e0d\u4f46\u62ac\u9ad8\u4e86\u4eba\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u64f4\u5927\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u773c\u754c\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u80f8\u895f\u95ca\u5927\uff0c\u60f3\u50cf\u529b\u9ad8\u9060\uff0c\u540c\u60c5\u5fc3\u6fc3\u646f\u3002\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u7269\u8cea\u4eab\u53d7\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u4f7f\u4eba\u6709\u9918\u529b\u53ef\u4ee5\u9867\u5230\u5225\u4eba\u7684\u9700\u8981\u8207\u75db\u82e6\u3002\u64f4\u5927\u4e86\u7684\u540c\u60c5\u5fc3\u52a0\u4e0a\u64f4\u5927\u4e86\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u9042\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u7a7a\u524d\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5316\u7684\u65b0\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u9019\u500b\u65b0\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u7279\u8272\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5316\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u53e4\u4ee3\u7684\u4eba\u56e0\u70ba\u60f3\u6c42\u5f97\u611f\u60c5\u4e0a\u7684\u5b89\u6170\uff0c\u4e0d\u60dc\u72a7\u7272\u7406\u667a\u4e0a\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5c08\u9760\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff08Faith\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u554f\u8b49\u64da\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u4fe1\u9b3c\uff0c\u4fe1\u795e\uff0c\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u4fe1\u5929\u5802\uff0c\u4fe1\u6de8\u571f\uff0c\u4fe1\u5730\u7344\u3002\u8fd1\u4e16\u79d1\u5b78\u4fbf\u4e0d\u80fd\u9019\u6a23\u5c08\u9760\u4fe1\u5fc3\u4e86\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u4e26\u4e0d\u83f2\u8584\u611f\u60c5\u4e0a\u7684\u5b89\u6170\uff1b\u79d1\u5b78\u53ea\u8981\u6c42\u4e00\u5207\u4fe1\u4ef0\u9808\u8981\u7981\u5f97\u8d77\u7406\u667a\u7684\u8a55\u5224\uff0c\u9808\u8981\u6709\u5145\u5206\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u3002\u51e1\u6c92\u6709\u5145\u5206\u8b49\u64da\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u53ef\u5b58\u7591\uff0c\u4e0d\u8db3\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece\uff08Huxley\uff09\u8aaa\u7684\u6700\u597d\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5c0d\u65bc\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u4e0a\u6216\u751f\u7406\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u5c0f\u5c0f\u56f0\u96e3\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u8981\u56b4\u683c\u7684\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u4e00\u5207\u6c92\u6709\u5145\u5206\u8b49\u64da\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u65b9\u624d\u53ef\u671b\u6709\u6210\u7e3e\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u6211\u5c0d\u65bc\u4eba\u751f\u7684\u5947\u79d8\u7684\u89e3\u6c7a\uff0c\u96e3\u9053\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u7528\u9019\u6a23\u56b4\u683c\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u9019\u6b63\u662f\u5341\u5206\u5c0a\u91cd\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u6211\u5011\u8cb7\u4e00\u755d\u7530\uff0c\u8ce3\u4e09\u9593\u5c4b\uff0c\u5c1a\u4e14\u8981\u4e00\u5f35\u5951\u64da\uff1b\u95dc\u65bc\u4eba\u751f\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5e0c\u671b\u7684\u6839\u64da\uff0c\u8c48\u53ef\u6c92\u6709\u8b49\u64da\u5c31\u80e1\u4e82\u4fe1\u4ef0\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u9019\u7a2e\u201c\u62ff\u8b49\u64da\u4f86\u201d\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7a31\u70ba\u8fd1\u4e16\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u201c\u7406\u667a\u5316\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u5f9e\u524d\u4eba\u985e\u53d7\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u652f\u914d\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a2\u8a0e\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u62b5\u6297\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u6b98\u9177\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5c0d\u65bc\u81ea\u7136\u5e38\u61f7\u8457\u754f\u61fc\u4e4b\u5fc3\uff0c\u62dc\u7269\uff0c\u62dc\u755c\u751f\uff0c\u6015\u9b3c\uff0c\u656c\u795e\uff0c\u201c\u5c0f\u5fc3\u7ffc\u7ffc\uff0c\u662d\u4e8b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u201d\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u501a\u9760\u4e00\u7a2e\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u52e2\u529b\u3002\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u4eba\u4fbf\u4e0d\u540c\u4e86\u3002\u4eba\u7684\u667a\u529b\u5c45\u7136\u5f81\u670d\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u7684\u7121\u6578\u8cea\u529b\uff0c\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u98db\u884c\u7121\u7919\uff0c\u4e0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u6f5b\u884c\u6d77\u5e95\uff0c\u9060\u53ef\u4ee5\u7aba\u7b97\u661f\u8fb0\uff0c\u8fd1\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c0\u5bdf\u6975\u5fae\u3002\u9019\u500b\u5169\u96bb\u624b\u4e00\u500b\u5927\u8166\u7684\u52d5\u7269\u2014\u2014\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u5df2\u6210\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e3b\u4eba\u7fc1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u5c0a\u91cd\u81ea\u5df1\u4e86\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u5c11\u5e74\u7684\u9769\u547d\u8a69\u4eba\u66fe\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6b4c\u5531\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u6211\u7368\u81ea\u596e\u9b25\uff0c\u52dd\u6557\u6211\u7368\u81ea\u627f\u7576\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u6211\u7528\u4e0d\u8457\u8ab0\u4f86\u653e\u6211\u81ea\u7531\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u6211\u7528\u4e0d\u8457\u4ec0\u9ebc\u8036\u7a4c\u57fa\u7763<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u5984\u60f3\u4ed6\u80fd\u66ff\u6211\u8d16\u7f6a\u66ff\u6211\u6b7b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000I fight alone and\uff0c win or sink\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000I need no one to make me free\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000I want no Jesus Christ to think<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000That he could ever die for me\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u9019\u662f\u73fe\u4ee3\u4eba\u5316\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u3002\u4fe1\u4efb\u5929\u4e0d\u5982\u4fe1\u4efb\u4eba\uff0c\u9760\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u5982\u9760\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u5728\u4e0d\u5984\u60f3\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5929\u5802\u5929\u570b\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8981\u5728\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5efa\u9020\u201c\u4eba\u7684\u6a02\u570b\u201d\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u5984\u60f3\u505a\u4e0d\u6b7b\u7684\u795e\u4ed9\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8981\u5728\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u505a\u500b\u6d3b\u6f51\u5065\u5168\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u5984\u60f3\u4ec0\u9ebc\u56db\u79aa\u5b9a\u516d\u795e\u901a\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8981\u5728\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u505a\u500b\u6709\u8070\u660e\u667a\u6167\u53ef\u4ee5\u6221\u5929\u7e2e\u5730\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u8a31\u4e0d\u8f15\u6613\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u842c\u80fd\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u537b\u4fe1\u4ef0\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u842c\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u5c07\u4f86\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u9650\u91cf\u7684\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u8a31\u4e0d\u4fe1\u9748\u9b42\u7684\u4e0d\u6ec5\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u537b\u4fe1\u4eba\u683c\u662f\u795e\u8056\u7684\uff0c\u4eba\u6b0a\u662f\u795e\u8056\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u9019\u662f\u8fd1\u4e16\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u201c\u4eba\u5316\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u4f46\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8981\u7b97\u8fd1\u4e16\u9053\u5fb7\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u201c\u793e\u6703\u5316\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u53e4\u4ee3\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u5927\u62b5\u6ce8\u91cd\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u62ef\u6551\uff1b\u53e4\u4ee3\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4e5f\u5927\u62b5\u6ce8\u91cd\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u4fee\u990a\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u4e5f\u6709\u81ea\u547d\u666e\u6e21\u773e\u751f\u7684\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u4e5f\u6709\u81ea\u547d\u517c\u6fdf\u5929\u4e0b\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u7d42\u82e6\u65bc\u7121\u6cd5\u4e0b\u624b\uff0c\u7121\u529b\u5be6\u884c\uff0c\u53ea\u597d\u4ecd\u820a\u56de\u5230\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u5fc3\u4e0a\u7528\u5de5\u592b\uff0c\u505a\u90a3\u5411\u5167\u7684\u4fee\u990a\u3002\u8d8a\u5411\u5167\u505a\u5de5\u592b\uff0c\u8d8a\u770b\u4e0d\u898b\u5916\u9762\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\uff1b\u8d8a\u5728\u90a3\u4e0d\u53ef\u6349\u6478\u7684\u5fc3\u6027\u4e0a\u73a9\u628a\u6232\uff0c\u8d8a\u6c92\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u61c9\u4ed8\u5916\u9762\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u554f\u984c\u3002\u5373\u5982\u4e2d\u570b\u516b\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u7406\u5b78\u5de5\u592b\u5c45\u7136\u770b\u4e0d\u898b\u4e8c\u842c\u842c\u5a66\u5973\u7e8f\u8db3\u7684\u6158\u7121\u4eba\u9053\uff01\u660e\u5fc3\u898b\u6027\uff0c\u4f55\u88dc\u65bc\u4eba\u9053\u7684\u82e6\u75db\u56f0\u7aae\uff01\u5750\u79aa\u4e3b\u656c\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u9020\u6210\u8a31\u591a\u201c\u56db\u9ad4\u4e0d\u52e4\uff0c\u4e94\u7a40\u4e0d\u5206\u201d\u7684\u5ee2\u7269\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u8fd1\u4e16\u6587\u660e\u4e0d\u5f9e\u5b97\u6559\u4e0b\u624b\uff0c\u800c\u7d50\u679c\u81ea\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u5b97\u6559\uff1b\u4e0d\u5f9e\u9053\u5fb7\u5165\u9580\uff0c\u800c\u7d50\u679c\u81ea\u6210\u4e00\u6d3e\u65b0\u9053\u5fb7\u3002\u5341\u4e94\u5341\u516d\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u6b50\u6d32\u570b\u5bb6\u7c21\u76f4\u90fd\u662f\u5e7e\u500b\u6d77\u76dc\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u54e5\u4f96\u5e03\uff08Columbus\uff09\u3001\u99ac\u6c72\u502b\uff08Magellan\uff09\u3001\u90fd\u82ae\u514b\uff08Drake\uff09\u4e00\u73ed\u63a2\u96aa\u5bb6\u90fd\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5927\u6d77\u76dc\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u5c0b\u6c42\u9ec3\u91d1\uff0c\u767d\u9280\uff0c\u9999\u6599\uff0c\u8c61\u7259\uff0c\u9ed1\u5974\u3002\u7136\u800c\u9019\u73ed\u6d77\u76dc\u548c\u6d77\u76dc\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u5546\u4eba\u958b\u95e2\u4e86\u7121\u6578\u65b0\u5730\uff0c\u958b\u62d3\u4e86\u4eba\u7684\u773c\u754c\uff0c\u62ac\u9ad8\u4e86\u4eba\u7684\u60f3\u50cf\u529b\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u53c8\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u6b50\u6d32\u7684\u5bcc\u529b\u3002\u5de5\u696d\u9769\u547d\u63a5\u8457\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u751f\u7522\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6839\u672c\u6539\u8b8a\u4e86\uff0c\u751f\u7522\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u66f4\u767c\u9054\u4e86\u3002\u4e8c\u4e09\u767e\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u7269\u8cea\u4e0a\u7684\u4eab\u53d7\u9010\u6f38\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u540c\u60c5\u5fc3\u4e5f\u9010\u6f38\u64f4\u5927\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u64f4\u5927\u7684\u540c\u60c5\u5fc3\u4fbf\u662f\u65b0\u5b97\u6559\u65b0\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u81ea\u5df1\u8981\u722d\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4fbf\u60f3\u5230\u5225\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u4f46\u81ea\u7531\u9808\u4ee5\u4e0d\u4fb5\u72af\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u70ba\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u9084\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u8981\u8981\u6c42\u7d55\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u81ea\u5df1\u8981\u4eab\u53d7\u5e78\u798f\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4fbf\u60f3\u5230\u4eba\u7684\u5e78\u798f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6a02\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08Utilitarianism\uff09\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4fbf\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u6700\u5927\u591a\u6578\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5e78\u798f\u201d\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u4f86\u505a\u4eba\u985e\u793e\u6703\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u9019\u90fd\u662f\u201c\u793e\u6703\u5316\u201d\u7684\u8da8\u52e2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u65b0\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u689d\u662f\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u535a\u611b\u3002\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\u8449\u4ee5\u5f8c\u7684\u65b0\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u689d\u662f\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\u9019\u662f\u897f\u6d0b\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u6771\u65b9\u6c11\u65cf\u4e0d\u66fe\u6709\u904e\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u6587\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u56fa\u7136\u6771\u65b9\u4e5f\u66fe\u6709\u4e3b\u5f35\u535a\u611b\u7684\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u4e5f\u66fe\u6709\u516c\u7530\u5747\u7522\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u4f46\u9019\u4e9b\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u7d19\u4e0a\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u4e0d\u66fe\u5be6\u5730\u8b8a\u6210\u793e\u6703\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e0d\u66fe\u8b8a\u6210\u7bc4\u570d\u4eba\u751f\u7684\u52e2\u529b\uff0c\u4e0d\u66fe\u5728\u6771\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u4e0a\u767c\u751f\u591a\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u4fbf\u4e0d\u7136\u4e86\u3002\u201c\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u535a\u611b\u201d\u6210\u4e86\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u9769\u547d\u53e3\u865f\u3002\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u6cd5\u570b\u7684\u9769\u547d\uff0c1848\u5e74\u5168\u6b50\u6d32\u7684\u9769\u547d\u904b\u52d5\uff0c1862\u5e74\u7684\u5357\u5317\u7f8e\u6230\u722d\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u9019\u4e09\u5927\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u65d7\u5e5f\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u5927\u9769\u547d\u3002\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u61b2\u6cd5\uff0c\u6cd5\u570b\u7684\u61b2\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u65bc\u5357\u7f8e\u6d32\u8af8\u570b\u7684\u61b2\u6cd5\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u53d7\u4e86\u9019\u4e09\u5927\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7d55\u5927\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u3002\u820a\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u6253\u5012\uff0c\u5c08\u5236\u653f\u9ad4\u7684\u63a8\u7ffb\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e4b\u4e0b\u4eba\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u666e\u904d\uff0c\u201c\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u8a00\u8ad6\uff0c\u51fa\u7248\u201d\u5e7e\u5927\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u5be6\u884c\uff0c\u666e\u53ca\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5be6\u65bd\uff0c\u5a66\u5973\u7684\u89e3\u653e\uff0c\u5973\u6b0a\u7684\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u5a66\u5973\u53c3\u653f\u7684\u5be6\u73fe\uff0c\u2026\u2026\u90fd\u662f\u9019\u500b\u65b0\u5b97\u6559\u65b0\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u3002\u9019\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u4e09\u4e94\u500b\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u66f8\u672c\u5b50\u88e1\u7684\u7a7a\u8ac7\uff1b\u9019\u90fd\u662f\u897f\u6d0b\u8fd1\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u9019\u90fd\u5df2\u6210\u4e86\u7bc4\u570d\u4eba\u751f\uff0c\u5f71\u97ff\u5be6\u969b\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u7d55\u5927\u52e2\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8da8\u52e2\u7684\u6d41\u5f0a\u6f38\u6f38\u66b4\u767d\u65bc\u4e16\u4e86\uff0c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u82e6\u75db\u4e5f\u6f38\u6f38\u660e\u77ad\u4e86\u3002\u9060\u8b58\u7684\u4eba\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u7531\u7af6\u722d\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0d\u80fd\u9054\u5230\u771f\u6b63\u201c\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u535a\u611b\u201d\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u5411\u8cc7\u672c\u5bb6\u624b\u88e1\u8981\u6c42\u516c\u9053\u7684\u5f85\u9047\uff0c\u7b49\u65bc\u201c\u8207\u864e\u8b00\u76ae\u201d\u3002\u6551\u6fdf\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ea\u6709\u5169\u689d\u5927\u8def\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u570b\u5bb6\u5229\u7528\u5176\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u5be6\u884c\u88c1\u5236\u8cc7\u672c\u5bb6\uff0c\u4fdd\u969c\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u968e\u7d1a\uff1b\u4e00\u662f\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u968e\u7d1a\u5718\u7d50\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u62b5\u6297\u8cc7\u672c\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\u8207\u63a0\u596a\u3002\u65bc\u662f\u5404\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u8207\u904b\u52d5\u4e0d\u65b7\u5730\u767c\u751f\u3002\u897f\u6d0b\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u672c\u5efa\u7bc9\u5728\u500b\u4eba\u6c42\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5411\u4f86\u627f\u8a8d\u201c\u8ca1\u7522\u201d\u70ba\u795e\u8056\u7684\u4eba\u6b0a\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4f46\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\u8449\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u89c0\u5ff5\u6839\u672c\u52d5\u6416\u4e86\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u7adf\u8aaa\u201c\u8ca1\u7522\u662f\u8cca\u9ad2\u201d\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u7adf\u8aaa\u201c\u8ca1\u7522\u662f\u63a0\u596a\u201d\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u79c1\u6709\u8ca1\u7522\u5236\u96d6\u7136\u9084\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u570b\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5fb5\u6536\u6975\u91cd\u7684\u6240\u5f97\u7a05\u548c\u907a\u7522\u7a05\uff0c\u8ca1\u7522\u4e45\u5df2\u4e0d\u8a31\u5b8c\u5168\u79c1\u6709\u4e86\u3002\u52de\u52d5\u662f\u5411\u4f86\u53d7\u8ce4\u8996\u7684\uff1b\u4f46\u8cc7\u672c\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u4f7f\u52de\u5de5\u6709\u5927\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5ba3\u50b3\u8207\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u81ea\u89ba\u53c8\u4f7f\u52de\u5de5\u89ba\u609f\u5718\u7d50\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u5e7e\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u52de\u52d5\u968e\u7d1a\u9042\u6210\u4e86\u793e\u6703\u4e0a\u6700\u6709\u52e2\u529b\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u3002\u5341\u5e74\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u5de5\u515a\u9818\u8896\u53ef\u4ee5\u57f7\u638c\u4e16\u754c\u5f37\u570b\u7684\u653f\u6b0a\uff0c\u540c\u76df\u7e3d\u7f77\u5de5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c48\u4f0f\u6700\u6709\u52e2\u529b\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4fc4\u570b\u7684\u52de\u8fb2\u968e\u7d1a\u7adf\u505a\u4e86\u5168\u570b\u7684\u5c08\u653f\u968e\u7d1a\u3002\u9019\u500b\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5927\u904b\u52d5\u73fe\u5728\u9084\u6b63\u5728\u9032\u884c\u7684\u6642\u671f\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u6210\u7e3e\u5df2\u5f88\u53ef\u89c0\u4e86\u3002\u5404\u570b\u7684\u201c\u793e\u6703\u7acb\u6cd5\u201d\uff08Social Legislation\uff09\u7684\u767c\u9054\uff0c\u5de5\u5ee0\u7684\u8996\u5bdf\uff0c\u5de5\u5ee0\u885b\u751f\u7684\u6539\u826f\uff0c\u5152\u7ae5\u5de5\u4f5c\u8207\u5a66\u5973\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6551\u6fdf\uff0c\u7d05\u5229\u5206\u914d\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u63a8\u884c\uff0c\u7e2e\u77ed\u5de5\u4f5c\u6642\u9593\u7684\u5be6\u884c\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u4fdd\u96aa\uff0c\u5408\u4f5c\u5236\u4e4b\u63a8\u884c\uff0c\u6700\u4f4e\u5de5\u8cc7\uff08Minimum Wage\uff09\u7684\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u5931\u696d\u7684\u6551\u6fdf\uff0c\u7d1a\u9032\u5236\u7684\uff08Progressive\uff09\u6240\u5f97\u7a05\u8207\u907a\u7522\u7a05\u7684\u5be6\u884c\uff0c\u2026\u2026\u9019\u90fd\u662f\u9019\u500b\u5927\u904b\u52d5\u5df2\u7d93\u505a\u5230\u7684\u6210\u7e3e\u3002\u9019\u4e5f\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u7d19\u4e0a\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u90fd\u5df2\u6210\u4e86\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u9019\u662f\u201c\u793e\u6703\u5316\u201d\u7684\u65b0\u5b97\u6559\u8207\u65b0\u9053\u5fb7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u6771\u65b9\u7684\u820a\u8166\u7b4b\u4e5f\u8a31\u8981\u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u9019\u662f\u722d\u6b0a\u596a\u5229\uff0c\u7b97\u4e0d\u5f97\u5b97\u6559\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u3002\u201d\u9019\u88e1\u53c8\u6b63\u662f\u6771\u897f\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u9ede\u3002\u4e00\u908a\u662f\u5b89\u5206\uff0c\u5b89\u547d\uff0c\u5b89\u8ca7\uff0c\u6a02\u5929\uff0c\u4e0d\u722d\uff0c\u8a8d\u5403\u8667\uff1b\u4e00\u908a\u662f\u4e0d\u5b89\u5206\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b89\u8ca7\uff0c\u4e0d\u80af\u5403\u8667\uff0c\u52aa\u529b\u596e\u9b25\uff0c\u7e7c\u7e8c\u6539\u5584\u73fe\u6210\u7684\u5883\u5730\u3002\u6771\u65b9\u4eba\u898b\u4eba\u5bcc\u8cb4\uff0c\u8aaa\u4ed6\u662f\u201c\u524d\u4e16\u4fee\u4f86\u7684\u201d\uff1b\u81ea\u5df1\u8ca7\uff0c\u4e5f\u8aaa\u662f\u201c\u524d\u4e16\u4e0d\u66fe\u4fee\u201d\uff0c\u8aaa\u662f\u201c\u547d\u8a72\u5982\u6b64\u201d\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u4fbf\u4e0d\u7136\uff1b\u4ed6\u8aaa\uff0c\u201c\u8ca7\u5bcc\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u75db\u82e6\u7684\u5f85\u9047\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u4e0d\u826f\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u826f\u7684\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u662f\u722d\u6b0a\u596a\u5229\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u662f\u722d\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u722d\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u722d\u516c\u9053\uff1b\u4ed6\u5011\u722d\u7684\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u79c1\u5229\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u596e\u9b25\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u7d55\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u7684\u798f\u5229\u3002\u6700\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5e78\u798f\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u8896\u624b\u5ff5\u4f5b\u865f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5fc5\u9808\u596e\u9b25\u529b\u722d\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u670b\u53cb\u5011\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u90a3\u4e00\u7a2e\u6587\u5316\u80fd\u6eff\u8db3\u4f60\u5011\u7684\u5fc3\u9748\u4e0a\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u5728\u53ef\u7d9c\u5408\u8a55\u5224\u897f\u6d0b\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7684\u6587\u660e\u4e86\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u7cfb\u7684\u6587\u660e\u5efa\u7bc9\u5728\u201c\u6c42\u4eba\u751f\u5e78\u798f\u201d\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u78ba\u7136\u66ff\u4eba\u985e\u589e\u9032\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c11\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u4e0a\u7684\u4eab\u53d7\uff1b\u7136\u800c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u78ba\u7136\u5f88\u80fd\u6eff\u8db3\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u7406\u667a\u7684\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7528\u7cbe\u5bc6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7e7c\u7e8c\u4e0d\u65b7\u5730\u5c0b\u6c42\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u7121\u7aae\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u8ff7\u4fe1\u7684\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u5408\u7406\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff1b\u6253\u5012\u4e86\u795e\u6b0a\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4eba\u5316\u7684\u5b97\u6559\uff1b\u62cb\u68c4\u4e86\u90a3\u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\u7684\u5929\u5802\u6de8\u571f\uff0c\u52aa\u529b\u5efa\u8a2d\u201c\u4eba\u7684\u6a02\u570b\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4eba\u4e16\u7684\u5929\u5802\u201d\uff1b\u4e1f\u958b\u4e86\u90a3\u81ea\u7a31\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u9748\u9b42\u7684\u8d85\u62d4\uff0c\u5118\u91cf\u7528\u4eba\u7684\u65b0\u60f3\u50cf\u529b\u548c\u65b0\u667a\u529b\u53bb\u63a8\u884c\u90a3\u5145\u5206\u793e\u6703\u5316\u4e86\u7684\u65b0\u5b97\u6559\u8207\u65b0\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u52aa\u529b\u8b00\u4eba\u985e\u6700\u5927\u591a\u6578\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5e78\u798f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u6771\u65b9\u7684\u6587\u660e\u7684\u6700\u5927\u7279\u8272\u662f\u77e5\u8db3\u3002\u897f\u6d0b\u7684\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u7684\u6700\u5927\u7279\u8272\u662f\u4e0d\u77e5\u8db3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u77e5\u8db3\u7684\u6771\u65b9\u4eba\u81ea\u5b89\u65bc\u7c21\u964b\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u6545\u4e0d\u6c42\u7269\u8cea\u4eab\u53d7\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\uff1b\u81ea\u5b89\u4e8e\u611a\u6627\uff0c\u81ea\u5b89\u65bc\u201c\u4e0d\u8b58\u4e0d\u77e5\u201d\uff0c\u6545\u4e0d\u6ce8\u610f\u771f\u7406\u7684\u767c\u73fe\u8207\u6280\u85dd\u5668\u68b0\u7684\u767c\u660e\uff1b\u81ea\u5b89\u4e8e\u73fe\u6210\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u8207\u547d\u904b\uff0c\u6545\u4e0d\u60f3\u5f81\u670d\u81ea\u7136\uff0c\u53ea\u6c42\u6a02\u5929\u5b89\u547d\uff0c\u4e0d\u60f3\u6539\u9769\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u53ea\u5716\u5b89\u5206\u5b88\u5df1\uff0c\u4e0d\u60f3\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u53ea\u505a\u9806\u6c11\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u9019\u6a23\u53d7\u7269\u8cea\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u62d8\u675f\u8207\u652f\u914d\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8df3\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u904b\u7528\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u601d\u667a\u529b\u4f86\u6539\u9020\u74b0\u5883\u6539\u826f\u73fe\u72c0\u7684\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u662f\u61f6\u60f0\u4e0d\u9577\u9032\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u552f\u7269\u7684\u6587\u660e\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u6587\u660e\u53ea\u53ef\u4ee5\u904f\u6291\u800c\u6c7a\u4e0d\u80fd\u6eff\u8db3\u4eba\u985e\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u5927\u4e0d\u7136\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u8aaa\u201c\u4e0d\u77e5\u8db3\u662f\u795e\u8056\u7684\u201d\uff08Divine Discontent\uff09\u3002\u7269\u8cea\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u77e5\u8db3\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u4eca\u65e5\u92fc\u9435\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u6c7d\u6a5f\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u96fb\u529b\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u7406\u667a\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u77e5\u8db3\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u4eca\u65e5\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u793e\u6703\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u77e5\u8db3\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u4eca\u65e5\u7684\u6c11\u6b0a\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u653f\u9ad4\uff0c\u7537\u5973\u5e73\u6b0a\u7684\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u52de\u5de5\u795e\u8056\u7684\u558a\u8072\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u904b\u52d5\u3002\u795e\u8056\u7684\u4e0d\u77e5\u8db3\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u9769\u65b0\u4e00\u5207\u9032\u5316\u7684\u52d5\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u9019\u6a23\u5145\u5206\u904b\u7528\u4eba\u7684\u8070\u660e\u667a\u6167\u4f86\u5c0b\u6c42\u771f\u7406\u4ee5\u89e3\u653e\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u9748\uff0c\u4f86\u5236\u670d\u5929\u884c\u4ee5\u4f9b\u4eba\u7528\uff0c\u4f86\u6539\u9020\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u74b0\u5883\uff0c\u4f86\u6539\u9769\u793e\u6703\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f86\u8b00\u4eba\u985e\u6700\u5927\u591a\u6578\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5e78\u798f\uff0c\u2014\u2014\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6587\u660e\u61c9\u8a72\u80fd\u6eff\u8db3\u4eba\u985e\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff1b\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6587\u660e\u662f\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\uff08Idealistic\uff09\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u6c7a\u4e0d\u662f\u552f\u7269\u7684\u6587\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u56fa\u7136\uff0c\u771f\u7406\u662f\u7121\u7aae\u7684\uff0c\u7269\u8cea\u4e0a\u7684\u4eab\u53d7\u662f\u7121\u7aae\u7684\uff0c\u65b0\u5668\u68b0\u7684\u767c\u660e\u662f\u7121\u7aae\u7684\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6539\u5584\u662f\u7121\u7aae\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u683c\u4e00\u7269\u6709\u4e00\u7269\u7684\u6109\u5feb\uff0c\u9769\u65b0\u4e00\u5668\u6709\u4e00\u5668\u7684\u6eff\u8db3\uff0c\u6539\u826f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5236\u5ea6\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6eff\u610f\u3002\u4eca\u65e5\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u529f\u7684\uff0c\u660e\u65e5\u660e\u5e74\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u529f\uff1b\u524d\u4eba\u5931\u6557\u7684\uff0c\u5f8c\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u7e7c\u7e8c\u52a9\u6210\u3002\u76e1\u4e00\u5206\u529b\u4fbf\u6709\u4e00\u5206\u7684\u6eff\u610f\uff1b\u7121\u7aae\u7684\u9032\u5883\u4e0a\uff0c\u6b65\u6b65\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u7d66\u52aa\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u5145\u5206\u7684\u6109\u5feb\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5927\u8a69\u4eba\u9127\u5167\u5b6b\uff08Tennyson\uff09\u501f\u53e4\u82f1\u96c4Ulysses\u7684\u53e3\u6c23\u6b4c\u5531\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u7136\u800c\u4eba\u7684\u95b1\u6b77\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u5ea7\u7a79\u9580\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u5f9e\u90a3\u88e1\u9732\u51fa\u90a3\u4e0d\u66fe\u8d70\u904e\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u8d8a\u8d70\u8d8a\u9060\u6c38\u6c38\u671b\u4e0d\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u76e1\u982d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u534a\u8def\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5e79\u4e86\uff0c\u591a\u9ebc\u6c89\u60b6\u5475\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u660e\u6643\u6643\u7684\u5feb\u5200\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u7518\u5fc3\u4e0a\u93fd\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u96e3\u9053\u7559\u5f97\u4e00\u53e3\u6c23\u5c31\u7b97\u5f97\u751f\u6d3b\u4e86\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u4f86\u7f77\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u53bb\u5c0b\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u4e0d\u6703\u592a\u665a\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u7528\u6389\u7684\u7cbe\u529b\u56fa\u7136\u4e0d\u56de\u4f86\u4e86\uff0c\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u9084\u4e0d\u5c11\u5462\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u73fe\u5728\u96d6\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u5f9e\u524d\u90a3\u6a23\u6380\u5929\u52d5\u5730\u7684\u8eab\u624b\u4e86\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u7136\u800c\u6211\u5011\u7562\u7adf\u9084\u662f\u6211\u5011\uff0c\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u5149\u9670\u8207\u547d\u904b\u9839\u5510\u4e86\u5e7e\u5206\u58ef\u5fd7\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u7d42\u6b62\u4e0d\u4f4f\u90a3\u4e0d\u8001\u7684\u96c4\u5fc3\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u53bb\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u53bb\u63a2\u5c0b\uff0c\u53bb\u767c\u73fe\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\u6c38\u4e0d\u9000\u8b93\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c48\u4f0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u30001926\uff0c6\uff0c6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u3000\u3000\uff08\u539f\u8f091926\u5e747\u670810\u65e5\u300a\u73fe\u4ee3\u8a55\u8ad6\u300b\u7b2c4\u5377\u7b2c83\u671f\uff0c\u53c8\u8f091927\u5e7411\u670827\u65e5\u300112\u67084\u65e5\u300112\u670811\u65e5\u300a\u751f\u6d3b\u9031\u520a\u300b\u7b2c4\u81f36\u671f\uff09<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Hu Shih (\u80e1\u9069) was an influential Chinese essayist who was known for, among other achievements, his harsh criticisms of traditional Chinese culture and proposals to adopt valorous aspects of modern Western culture.
        \nHu Shih 1960 color.jpg<\/p>\n

        He was a promoter of the use of the vernacular language an ardent critic of filial piety; all-in-all, he was a highly controversial but influential figure whose writings served as the basis of China\u2019s New Culture Movement (\u65b0\u6587\u5316\u904b\u52d5) in the 1920s.<\/p>\n

        What follows below is a translation of Hu Shih\u2019s 1926 essay, Our Attitude toward Modern Western Civilization (\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u65bc\u897f\u6d0b\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u7684\u614b\u5ea6), as it appears in The Hu Shi Reader published by Yale University\u2019s Far Eastern Publications. This essay\u2019s foreign perspective on Western and American culture in the early 20th century, as well as its contrasting illumination of classical Chinese thought, should prove interesting to any person curious about the course of radical transformation that Chinese society underwent throughout the 1900s.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/milkyeggs.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/milkyeggs.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/milkyeggs.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milkyeggs.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milkyeggs.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=46"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/milkyeggs.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":249,"href":"https:\/\/milkyeggs.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46\/revisions\/249"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/milkyeggs.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=46"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milkyeggs.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=46"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milkyeggs.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=46"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}